Policy Update
Meenu Mohan
History
The Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES) of India traces its origins back to July 1981, when the Department of Ocean Development (DOD) was established under the Cabinet Secretariat and directly overseen by the Prime Minister. In March 1982, DOD became a separate department tasked with coordinating and promoting ocean development activities in India. By February 2006, DOD was upgraded to a full-fledged Ministry of Ocean Development.
In July 2006, a major reorganization transformed the Ministry of Ocean Development into the Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES) through a Presidential notification. This restructuring expanded its scope to include:
- The Indian Meteorological Department (IMD), New Delhi.
- The Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology (IITM), Pune.
- The National Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasting (NCMRWF), Noida.
Additionally, the Government approved the creation of an Earth Commission, modelled after the Space Commission (responsible for India’s space program) and the Atomic Energy Commission (overseeing atomic energy programs). This shift allowed MoES to consolidate expertise in oceanography, meteorology, climate science, and geosciences, broadening its mandate to address critical Earth system science issues.
Mandate
MoES is mandated to provide services for weather, climate, ocean and coastal state, hydrology, seismology, and natural hazards; to explore and harness marine living and non-living resources in a sustainable manner for the country; and to explore the three poles of the Earth (Arctic, Antarctic and Himalayas).
Schemes and Initiatives
Pertaining to atmospheric science programmes of the entire gamut of weather/climate prediction, it involves the observational systems, assimilation of meteorological observations, understanding the processes, research and development of dynamical models and providing the forecast services.
The central sector umbrella scheme ACROSS consists of 7 subschemes:
Aim: To enhance predictive understanding of monsoonal precipitation and its impacts in a warming climate by improving observational data and refining climate models.
Objectives: Studying monsoon cloud dynamics, conducting climate modeling, reconstructing past monsoon variations, and establishing research infrastructure.
It consists of 4 sub-programmes:
- Centre For Climate Change Research (CCCR), including virtual water centre
The CCCR at Pune, was established to enhance understanding of tropical climate change and its regional impacts. Key achievements include significant contributions to global climate assessments (CMIP6 and IPCC AR6) using India’s first Earth System Model, the development of high-resolution regional climate projections, and advancements in atmospheric modelling for future downscaling studies. - Physics and Dynamics of TropicalClouds (PDTC)
A research initiative focused on tropical cloud dynamics and monsoon prediction, PDTC has made significant strides in understanding cloud-aerosol interactions, precipitation enhancement, and atmospheric electricity. Key achievements include extensive cloud seeding experiments, the development of a robust observational network, and advancements in modelling and forecasting techniques. - Atmospheric Research Testbeds (ART) for process studies and National Climate Reference Network (NCRN)
The ART and NCRN programs are crucial for understanding atmospheric processes and climate change. ART aims to study convection, land-atmosphere interactions, and precipitation processes through advanced observations and modelling. NCRN will establish a network of climate reference stations to provide long-term, accurate, and unbiased observations for validating climate models and understanding climate change. Both programs are in their initial stages, with land acquisition and site selection underway. - Metro Air Quality and Weather Service (MAQWS)
Developed in collaboration with NCAR (National Center for Atmospheric Research), it provides real-time air quality information and forecasts for Delhi. It leverages data from various sources, including monitoring stations and satellite observations, to improve the accuracy of predictions. Key achievements include the development of advanced dust models, air pollution impact studies, high-resolution emission inventories, and user-friendly mobile applications. These advancements contribute to effective air quality management and public health protection.
- High-Performance Computing System (HPCS)
Aim: By leveraging high-performance computing (HPC), MoES seeks to improve the resolution and complexity of models, enabling more accurate short-, medium-, and long-range forecasts. Additionally, HPC will support the development of ensemble prediction systems and probabilistic forecasts. To achieve these goals, MoES is expanding its HPC infrastructure and investing in research to optimize computational efficiency.
Expected Outcome: These advancements will contribute to better understanding and prediction of climate change, natural disasters, and other Earth system phenomena. - Monsoon Mission (MM-II)
The Indian summer monsoon rainfall is crucial for agriculture and water resources. Predicting it accurately is a challenge, but the National Monsoon Mission (NMM) is making strides.
Phase 1 (MM-I):
- Established a state-of-the-art dynamical prediction system for seasonal and extended range monsoon forecasts.
- Developed a high-resolution Global Ensemble Forecast System (GEFS) for short-range predictions (up to 2 weeks).
- Improved data assimilation techniques for more accurate model predictions.
Phase 2 (MM-II):
- Focuses on predicting weather extremes (thunderstorms, heatwaves) and developing applications for agriculture, water management, and disaster preparedness.
- Aims to make very high-resolution forecasts and incorporate new modules (wave models, ocean biogeochemistry) in climate models.
Overall, the NMM is improving monsoon prediction capabilities and developing tools for better weather forecasting and climate applications.
Objective: This scheme is crucial for sustaining and augmenting India’s meteorological observation network. It aims to maintain and upgrade various observational systems, including Doppler radars, rain gauges, and upper-air stations.
Expected Outcome: By ensuring the continuity of these observations, the scheme contributes to accurate weather forecasting and climate monitoring. This, in turn, supports various sectors like agriculture, aviation, and disaster management.
Aim: To enhance India’s weather and climate services. It focuses on improving weather forecasting accuracy, especially for agriculture, aviation, and disaster management.
Objectives: Developing advanced weather prediction systems, expanding agro-meteorological advisory services, upgrading aviation meteorological services, establishing a state-of-the-art climate data center, and strengthening training and capacity building.
Expected Outcome: To provide reliable and timely weather and climate information to support various sectors and contribute to the nation’s development.
- Upgradation of Forecast System
Aim: To enhance India’s weather forecasting capabilities to international standards.
Focus: Upgrading communication systems, developing advanced forecast systems, conducting special campaigns for improving cyclone, thunderstorm, and fog forecasts, implementing an integrated Himalayan meteorological program, and building capacity in the field of meteorology.
Expected Outcome: Contribute to improved weather forecasts, benefiting various sectors and enhancing preparedness for extreme weather events. - Commissioning of Polarimetric Doppler Weather Radars (DWRs)
Aim: To improve India’s radar network by replacing old, outdated radars with modern Doppler Weather Radars (DWRs). This will enhance the spatial and temporal coverage of radar observations, leading to better monitoring and tracking of tropical cyclones, monsoon depressions, and other weather systems. Additionally, the new DWRs will provide valuable data for research into the dynamics and microphysics of convective weather phenomena, improving the accuracy of nowcasting and mesoscale forecasting.
Expected Outcome: This scheme will contribute to more accurate weather forecasts and early warnings, benefiting various sectors and protecting lives and property.
- Ocean—Services, Modelling, Application, Resources and Technology (O-SMART)
The objectives of O-SMART are to generate and regularly update information on Marine Living Resources and their relationship with the physical environment in the Indian Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ), periodically monitor levels of sea water pollutants for health assessment of coastal waters of India, to develop shoreline change maps for assessment of coastal erosion due to natural and anthropogenic activities, develop high resolution models for ocean forecast and reanalysis system, and algorithms for validation of satellite data for coastal research and to monitor changes in the coastal research etc.
Details of its major components are provided below.
- Centre for Marine Living Resources and Ecology—Marine Living Resources Programme
The Marine Living Resources (MLR) program aims to sustainably manage India’s marine resources. It involves conducting surveys, assessments, and research on various aspects of marine ecosystems, including physical processes, biogeochemistry, and biological responses to environmental changes. Key activities include deep-sea fishery, tuna resource assessment, monitoring harmful algal blooms, and studying bioluminescent plankton. Additionally, the program focuses on understanding benthic ecosystems, plankton biodiversity, pearl oyster cultivation, and developing antifouling compounds. Combining field surveys, laboratory research, and modelling efforts, it contributes to the conservation and sustainable utilization of marine resources. - National Centre for Coastal Research
The National Centre for Coastal Research (NCCR) has been monitoring seawater quality along the Indian coast for several years, collecting data on physical, chemical, and biological parameters. NCCR has set standards for seawater quality and developed tools like the ‘Clean Coast’ app for real-time information. Their research has contributed to understanding coastal erosion, assessing coastal vulnerability, developing ecosystem models, monitoring coral reefs, and studying microplastic pollution. - Ocean observation and network
It provides vital data for operational forecasts, scientific research and applications. Indian Ocean Observation Moored Buoy Network, established in 1996, has been operating for over two decades. It has helped the India Meteorological Department in alerting the public about impending cyclones and accurate prediction of the cyclone tracks. Tsunami buoys have tracked almost all earthquakes and tsunamis within the influence area in India and neighbouring international waters. The establishment of unique IndARC Mooring in the polar region has been a landmark achievement, the data of which is pivotal in guiding the researchers working on ‘Climate Change’. The High-Frequency Radar network has been operational 24X7 round-the-year at five locations for providing ocean current and cyclone warnings. - Ocean advisory and information services, computational infrastructure and communication systems
INCOIS (Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services, Hyderabad), a leading oceanographic institution, provides valuable forecasts and information about the Indian Ocean. They predict parameters like wind waves, currents, temperature, and tides, aiding various sectors like fisheries, shipping, and offshore industries. Their forecasts cover diverse regions, including the Arabian Sea, the Bay of Bengal, and the broader Indian Ocean. This information empowers decision-makers and helps mitigate risks associated with marine activities. - Ocean—modelling data assimilation and process-specific observations
The program aims to understand human impacts on coastal waters. By deploying buoys to collect real-time data and conducting research cruises, scientists can monitor water quality, assess ecosystem health, and differentiate human-induced changes from natural variations. This information is crucial for effective coastal management and conservation. - Ocean science and technology for islands
The program aims to provide sustainable and environment-friendly solutions for islands, for which MoES has developed innovative ways of planning and designing coastal infrastructure. This infrastructure is climate- and natural disaster-resilient. - Harnessing ocean energy for generating freshwater
MoES is actively developing and implementing ocean renewable energy technologies, including desalination plants. They have successfully deployed self-powering desalination plants in the Lakshadweep Islands, providing clean drinking water to the local communities. MoES aims to expand this initiative by installing more desalination plants, contributing to sustainable energy solutions and addressing water scarcity challenges in coastal regions. - Manned and unmanned underwater vehicles
MoES has successfully deployed remotely operated vehicles like ROSUB 6000 and PROVe for scientific research and underwater operations. To further enhance capabilities, MoES is developing an unmanned submersible, which will be a significant milestone in India’s underwater exploration efforts. These technologies will enable deeper insights into the ocean, contributing to various scientific and commercial endeavours. - Marine sensors, ocean electronics and acoustics
These technologies include acoustic sensors, imaging systems, and autonomous measurement systems. Using acoustic techniques, MoES can gather valuable data on marine ecosystems, underwater objects, and oceanographic conditions. These advancements contribute to a better understanding of the ocean and its resources, supporting various scientific and commercial activities. - Operating and maintaining research vessels
MoES operates a fleet of research vessels, including Sagar Nidhi, Sagar Sampada, Sagar Kanya, Sagar Manjusha, Sagar Tara, and Sagar Anveshika. These vessels are equipped with advanced scientific equipment and are used for various oceanographic research activities. MoES also makes these vessels available to other researchers and institutions, promoting collaborative research and advancing ocean science in India. - Seafront Research Facility
The establishment of a Seafront Research Facility (SRF) at Pamanji and a Facility for Administrative, Computational, and Training (FACT) at Chittedu, Nellore, is a major step towards the goal of infrastructure development to advance ocean technology in India. These facilities will provide state-of-the-art infrastructure for research, training, and testing, fostering innovation and collaboration in the field of ocean science and technology. - Studies on Gas hydrates
Gas hydrates are naturally occurring, solid compounds containing natural gas (mainly methane) and water. A comprehensive research-oriented gas hydrates program is in progress with science and technology development for exploring and extraction feasibility. An Autonomous Coring System has been developed and operated successfully for drilling core at 101 meters below the seafloor at deep waters in the Bay of Bengal. Exploration activities have been carried out at identified sites of Krishna–Godavari Basin and the Mahanadi Basin. - Polymetallic nodules
MoES is actively involved in the exploration and potential mining of polymetallic nodules, a valuable resource rich in metals like copper, nickel, and cobalt. Significant progress has been made in surveying and estimating the abundance of these nodules in the Indian Ocean. MoES has also developed technologies for mining and extracting metals from these nodules, including the successful deployment of a soil tester and the commissioning of a pilot plant. However, there are significant technological and environmental challenges associated with deep-sea mining, and further research and development are necessary to ensure sustainable and responsible exploitation of this resource. - Polymetallic Sulphides
Polymetallic Sulphides (PMS) are a valuable resource found on the seabed, rich in precious and base metals. India has secured a 15-year contract with the International Seabed Authority to explore PMS in the Indian Ocean. This exploration aims to tap into the potential of these mineral deposits, which are comparable in grade to land-based deposits. While there are significant technological challenges associated with deep-sea mining, the potential economic and strategic benefits of PMS are substantial. - Geoscientific studies of exclusive economic zone
A comprehensive bathymetric mapping of India’s Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) is crucial for various purposes, including oceanographic research, resource exploration, geohazard assessment, and understanding the region’s geological history. By mapping the seabed topography, scientists can identify potential hazards like submarine landslides, assess the distribution of marine resources, and gain insights into the region’s past climate. This information is essential for the sustainable development and management of the EEZ. - Extension of the continental shelf
India, like many other coastal nations, has rights over the resources of its continental shelf, which extends up to 200 nautical miles from its coastline. To potentially extend this limit to 350 nautical miles, India has submitted a claim to the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf (CLCS). This claim, supported by scientific data, is currently under review by the Sub-commission. This extension could provide India with access to valuable resources and strategic advantages in the Indian Ocean
DOM is a comprehensive initiative aimed at exploring and utilizing the vast resources of the ocean. It encompasses six key themes:
- Deep-sea technology: Developing advanced technologies like remotely operated vehicles, autonomous underwater vehicles, and human-occupied submersibles for deep-sea exploration and mining.
- Ocean climate change advisory services: Monitoring and predicting the impacts of climate change on sea level rise, coastal erosion, extreme weather events, and marine ecosystems.
- Deep-sea biodiversity: Exploring and conserving the unique biodiversity of the deep sea, including bioprospecting for potential applications in medicine and biotechnology.
- Deep ocean survey and exploration: Mapping the seabed to identify potential resources like polymetallic nodules and hydrothermal vents and understanding the geological processes shaping the ocean floor.
- Ocean energy and freshwater: Harnessing ocean thermal energy for power generation and desalination to address energy and water scarcity in coastal and island regions.
- Advanced marine station: Establishing a world-class research facility to foster collaboration, capacity building, and innovation in marine sciences.
The DOM aims to contribute to India’s economic growth, environmental sustainability, and scientific advancement by harnessing the potential of the ocean. It will help India become a global leader in ocean science and technology
About the Contributor– Meenu Mohan is a Research Intern at the Impact and Policy Research Institute, and holds a BSMS Degree in Mathematics from IISER, Bhopal.
Acknowledgement– The author extends sincere thanks to Dr. Arjun Kumar, Aasthaba Jadeja, Kirti Ranjan, and Shivashish Narayan.
Read more at IMPRI:
Initiatives of the Ministry of Defence
The ‘Mera Bill Mera Adhikaar Scheme (2023): Empowering Consumers and Promoting Transparency
