Policy Update
Gayathri Pramod
In an era where technology is rapidly reshaping the world, India is boldly stepping into the future with the launch of the National Quantum Mission (NQM)—a landmark initiative designed to position the nation at the forefront of quantum science and innovation. Approved by the Union Cabinet on April 19, 2023, and set to run from 2023–24 to 2030–31, the mission carries a significant investment of ₹6,003.65 crore, reflecting the government’s strong commitment to emerging technologies. This substantial budget underscores the seriousness and feasibility of the mission, reassuring the public and stakeholders about its potential impact. More than just scientific endeavors, the National Quantum Mission is a strategic leap aimed at leveraging the power of quantum technology to drive transformative progress across sectors, enhance national security, and accelerate India’s journey toward technological self-reliance. The National Quantum Mission (NQM) is a visionary initiative launched by the Government of India that reflects the country’s commitment to technological self-reliance, scientific excellence, and strategic leadership in emerging frontier Technologies. Led by the Department of Science and Technology (DST), the mission aims to harness the transformative capabilities of quantum Science and Technology to position India as a major global force in this rapidly evolving domain. The mission seeks to revolutionize healthcare, defense, communications, finance, energy, and national security by investing in foundational and applied research, building advanced infrastructure, and fostering innovation. This innovation is expected to enhance national security, drive transformative progress, and create new economic opportunities and jobs, making it of significant interest to industry leaders and the general public.
Quantum technology, grounded in the counterintuitive yet powerful principles of quantum mechanics, is poised to redefine our understanding and application of information, security, and measurement. Unlike classical systems, quantum systems exploit phenomena such as superposition, entanglement, and tunneling, enabling them to perform complex calculations, transmit data with absolute security, and detect minute changes in physical parameters with unprecedented accuracy. With its multi-sectoral applications and the potential to spark a technological revolution akin to the digital age, quantum technology has attracted global interest and investment. Recognizing this momentum and the imperative to act swiftly, India has embarked on the National Quantum Mission as a transformative leap toward building national capacity in this field.
Launching the National Quantum Mission ensures India’s proactive participation in the global quantum revolution. As nations worldwide intensify their investments in quantum research, the competitive landscape is becoming increasingly technology-driven. Through this mission, India is not just a participant but a significant contributor and creator of advanced quantum solutions. The mission is based on the understanding that quantum technologies will be instrumental in solving future challenges such as cyber threats, precision healthcare, sustainable energy solutions, real-time logistics optimization, and advanced environmental science modeling. India’s strategic interest in reducing dependency on foreign technologies and achieving scientific autonomy further underscores the importance of investing in quantum R&D by strengthening domestic capabilities. The mission aims to enhance India’s preparedness in defense and cybersecurity while enabling the country to develop applications with global commercial value. At the heart of the mission are eight core objectives that collectively drive its vision and execution.
Objectives
One of the central objectives of the National Quantum Mission is to build a strong foundation in both fundamental and applied quantum science. The mission recognizes that breakthroughs in quantum technologies depend on the rapid development of hardware and software and deep theoretical insights. To this end, the mission encourages comprehensive research in quantum mechanics, quantum field theory, quantum thermodynamics, and quantum information science. By supporting pure and applied research, the mission seeks to create a holistic scientific ecosystem that nurtures innovation, cultivates original thinking, and facilitates the translation of theoretical models into real-world applications. The National Quantum Mission (NQM), one of the flagship initiatives under the Prime Minister’s Science, Technology, and Innovation Advisory Council (PM-STIAC), is designed with a clear strategic vision: to transform India into a global hub for quantum science and technology. This mission seeks to harness the unique properties of quantum mechanics—such as superposition, entanglement, and quantum tunneling—to revolutionize various technological domains. The primary objective of the NQM is to establish an intense research and development ecosystem in the country, thereby propelling India into the league of technologically advanced nations at the forefront of the quantum revolution.
A significant focus area of the mission is the development of quantum computers capable of solving complex computational problems far beyond the reach of classical systems. The mission plans a phased approach to building intermediate-scale quantum processors to achieve this. Within the first three years, the goal is to develop systems with 20–50 physical qubits. By the fifth year, this is expected to scale up to 50–100 qubits and eventually to 1000 physical qubits over eight years. These quantum computers will be built using various platforms, including superconducting qubits, trapped ions, and photonic systems, to diversify the approach and capitalize on technological strengths across platforms. Such systems are envisioned as pivotal in achieving unprecedented efficiency in simulations, optimization tasks, and cryptographic operations.
Another critical objective of the National Quantum Mission is establishing satellite-based quantum communication systems, which would enable ultra-secure long-distance communication. The plan includes creating a quantum-secured satellite communication link between two ground stations spaced over 2000 kilometers within India. This technology is envisioned to safeguard critical infrastructure and national defense communication and serve as a model for future international quantum communication links. By extending satellite-based quantum capabilities, India aims to participate in a future global quantum internet that would redefine how data is secured and transmitted across borders.
On the terrestrial front, the mission emphasizes implementing Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) systems over long distances, particularly across inter-city optical fiber networks. The objective is to enable quantum-secured communication networks spanning up to 2000 kilometers using trusted nodes and Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) technology on existing fiber-optic infrastructure. These QKD systems are crucial for safeguarding financial transactions, government communications, and defense operations against future threats posed by quantum decryption.
The creation of multi-node quantum networks is also a pivotal objective. These networks will incorporate quantum memories, entanglement swapping, and synchronized quantum repeaters, allowing the transmission of entangled quantum states over large distances. Initially, the goal is to establish a robust and scalable network of two to three nodes. This will be a prototype for future quantum networks spanning cities, regions, and even nations. The development of such networks lays the groundwork for a quantum internet, which would radically improve the way information is shared, making it inherently secure and faster.
In quantum sensing and metrology, the mission aims to design and deploy highly sensitive quantum devices capable of detecting minute physical changes beyond classical instruments’ capability. The objectives include developing magnetometers with a sensitivity of 1 femto-Tesla/sqrt(Hz) based on atomic systems and even more sensitive systems using Nitrogen-Vacancy (NV) centers in diamonds, targeting sensitivities better than one pico-Tesla/sqrt(Hz). These devices can transform medical diagnostics, mineral exploration, and military surveillance industries. Similarly, quantum gravimeters with a sensitivity better than 100 nanometers/second² are expected to be developed for geological surveys and underground infrastructure mapping. The mission also includes the development of atomic clocks with fractional instability of 10¹⁹, which can significantly enhance precision timing for communication networks, space navigation, and scientific research.
The development and synthesis of quantum materials and devices form another cornerstone of the mission. The NQM aims to advance the science of next-generation quantum materials, including superconductors, topological insulators, and engineered semiconductor structures, all critical to realizing stable, scalable quantum systems. These materials will fabricate advanced qubits, single-photon sources, detectors, entangled photon sources, and quantum sensors. Such innovation is essential for building quantum computers and communication systems and developing compact and efficient quantum devices that can be integrated into real-world applications.
Beyond technical development, the National Quantum Mission is committed to nurturing a robust quantum research ecosystem. This includes establishing four Quantum Technology Hubs nationwide, each dedicated to a core domain: quantum computing, quantum communication, quantum sensing and metrology, and quantum materials and devices. These hubs will operate as consortia involving premier academic institutions, government research laboratories, and industry partners. By fostering interdisciplinary collaboration, the mission aims to accelerate breakthroughs in quantum science and ensure that research efforts are aligned with national priorities.
Another key objective is the development of indigenous quantum technologies and intellectual property. By supporting domestic innovation and reducing reliance on foreign technologies, the mission intends to bolster India’s strategic autonomy. This includes setting up quantum testbeds, offering support for startups and entrepreneurship in quantum technologies, and encouraging public-private partnerships. The mission will also promote the commercialization of quantum technologies, ensuring that scientific advances translate into societal and economic benefits. The human capital development objective is vital for sustaining and expanding quantum capabilities in the long run. The mission seeks to train a new generation of scientists, engineers, and technicians through specialized education programs, fellowships, and industry-academia training collaborations. By creating a pipeline of highly skilled professionals, India aims to become a global talent hub in quantum technologies. This will involve integrating quantum science into university curricula, conducting national workshops, and collaborating with international institutions for knowledge exchange.
Furthermore, the mission emphasizes the importance of developing ethical, regulatory, and security frameworks to guide the responsible growth of quantum technology. As quantum capabilities evolve rapidly, the need to address ethical considerations, ensure data privacy, and safeguard against misuse becomes more pressing. The mission proposes the establishment of standard-setting bodies and regulatory mechanisms that will develop national guidelines for the deployment and commercialization of quantum technologies, ensuring they serve the public interest and promote global cooperation.
In addition to a domestic focus, the National Quantum Mission seeks to foster international collaboration with countries already leading in the quantum field, such as the United States, Canada, Germany, China, and Australia. By entering joint research agreements, participating in multilateral programs, and contributing to international standards, India aims to secure its place in the global quantum ecosystem and shape the norms governing future technological developments. The National Quantum Mission also places significant importance on establishing standards, ethical guidelines, and regulatory frameworks. As quantum technologies mature, they will have far-reaching implications for security, privacy, data integrity, and ethical decision-making. The mission, therefore, aims to ensure that the development and deployment of quantum applications are guided by responsible innovation, equitable access, and long-term sustainability.
International collaboration forms a crucial part of the mission’s strategic outlook. India recognizes the global nature of scientific advancement and actively seeks to contribute to international efforts in quantum technology. The mission aims to foster cross-border knowledge exchange and collaborative progress through bilateral and multilateral partnerships, joint research initiatives, infrastructure sharing, and participation in global forums. Lastly, the mission underscores quantum technologies’ broader societal and strategic impact. It is envisioned that quantum solutions will contribute to improved governance, enhanced national security, economic resilience, and social welfare. Therefore, the mission aligns closely with India’s long-term development goals and aspiration to become a leader in emerging technologies.
Implementing the National Quantum Mission will be guided by a well-structured institutional framework. The apex decision-making body is the Mission Governing Board (MGB), responsible for defining the mission’s roadmap, approving policies, and ensuring alignment with national priorities. The board is chaired by Dr. Ajai Chowdhry, a distinguished technologist, and will include senior representatives from academia, government, and industry. Supporting the MGB, the Mission Coordination Cell (MCC) will serve as the operational center for managing the mission’s day-to-day activities. The MCC will coordinate with various stakeholders, monitor the progress of projects, and ensure that objectives are met promptly and efficiently. The MCC will function under the guidance of the DST and will be located within a premier Indian institution with a strong infrastructure and research capabilities.
The Mission Technology Research Council (MTRC) will provide technical oversight and direction. This body, comprising leading scientists, technologists, and domain experts, will evaluate proposals, review research outputs, and advise on adopting emerging global best practices. Each of the four technology hubs under the mission will focus on a specific domain. The quantum computing hub will work on developing scalable quantum processors, efficient quantum algorithms, and error-correcting mechanisms that can power future computing needs in science, industry, and governance. The communication hub will develop technologies for secure transmission of information using quantum key distribution, entangled photon networks, and quantum repeaters. The sensing and metrology hub will create highly accurate quantum sensors capable of detecting minute variations in time, gravity, magnetism, and other physical phenomena. The materials and devices hub will focus on designing and fabricating advanced quantum materials, superconductors, and novel qubit systems that form the building blocks of future quantum devices.
Another central aspect of the mission is workforce development. Recognizing the importance of a skilled talent base, the mission will support the creation of academic chairs in quantum technologies, integrate quantum topics into higher education curricula, and promote interdisciplinary training across physics, computer science, engineering, and material science. Programs targeting school students and specialized workshops and research internships will also be rolled out to build awareness and spark an early interest in quantum science. To ensure that innovations reach the market, the mission emphasizes the development of a vibrant quantum startup ecosystem. Support mechanisms such as incubators, accelerators, and seed funding programs will be established to nurture quantum startups. National innovation challenges and hackathons will be organized to encourage problem-solving and entrepreneurship among youth and researchers.
India’s role in the international quantum landscape is also expected to grow significantly through the mission. Collaborations with countries such as the United States, Canada, Germany, Japan, Australia, and members of the European Union will help India access cutting-edge research and provide a platform for co-developing global quantum standards, ethical norms, and interoperability protocols. The mission envisions India as an equal partner in shaping the international discourse around quantum technologies. Given quantum technologies’ powerful and far-reaching nature, the mission strongly emphasizes responsible innovation. Legal and ethical guidelines will be developed to ensure privacy, data protection, equitable access, and the prevention of monopolistic control over quantum capabilities. A dedicated advisory group will work to continuously assess the societal implications of quantum technologies and recommend safeguards.
Looking into the future, the National Quantum Mission envisions India becoming a global leader in quantum technology by 2040. This includes achieving self-reliance in quantum hardware and software, deploying secure quantum communication networks across key national infrastructure, developing quantum-enabled sensors for Medicine and Defense, and fostering the emergence of Indian startups that compete globally in quantum innovation. The mission also aims to create a globally respected talent pool of quantum scientists and engineers who can drive innovation within and outside India. Overall, the objectives of the National Quantum Mission are both ambitious and comprehensive, designed to place India at the epicenter of the global quantum revolution. By investing in foundational research, infrastructure, skill development, and international engagement, the mission aspires to make scientific advancements and generate transformative socio-economic outcomes. From enhancing cybersecurity and advancing health diagnostics to boosting defense capabilities and powering next-generation computing, the mission’s objectives are tailored to address some of the most critical challenges and opportunities of the 21st century. Through the NQM, India is poised to redefine its scientific and technological destiny, carving a leadership role in a future where quantum technologies will be as foundational as electricity and the internet have been in the past.
Conclusion: Ushering India into the Quantum Age
The National Quantum Mission (NQM) is not merely a scientific venture but a transformative national initiative that marks India’s determined foray into the frontiers of quantum science and technology. It signals the beginning of a new era where the country aspires to lead rather than follow, to innovate rather than imitate, and to shape the future of global technology landscapes rather than being shaped by them. With the NQM, India is laying the foundation of a strategic roadmap that could redefine its scientific, economic, and security paradigms over the next several decades. Quantum technologies are no longer confined to theoretical discussions or confined to laboratories. They are rapidly progressing toward real-world applications with the potential to revolutionize computing, communication, sensing, metrology, materials science, and more. As countries worldwide invest billions to gain an early foothold in this domain, the NQM demonstrates that India understands the stakes, recognizes the opportunities, and is ready to commit to this quantum journey with vision, resources, and resolve. The mission comes at a time when the global quantum race is intensifying. From the United States and China to Germany, Canada, and Australia, nations are aggressively pushing the boundaries of quantum capabilities. By launching a structured and well-funded initiative like the NQM, India sends a strong message that it is not content with being a passive observer in this race. Instead, it is prepared to contribute meaningfully, drawing upon its vast intellectual capital, thriving innovation ecosystem, and policy commitment to science and technology. In this sense, the mission is as much about global positioning as it is about national transformation.
The National Quantum Mission’s comprehensive and multidimensional approach is a significant strength. Rather than focusing solely on quantum computing, the mission addresses the entire quantum technology stack—from quantum communication and sensing to quantum materials and devices. This integrated vision is critical because authentic leadership in quantum technologies requires strength in one area and across the ecosystem. The mission’s four hubs dedicated to a key domain will create regional centers of excellence, attract talent, and act as breeding grounds for academic research and industrial innovation. At the heart of the NQM is the goal of technological sovereignty. In an age where digital infrastructure underpins economic, defense, and strategic capabilities, being self-reliant in emerging technologies becomes not just an aspiration but a necessity. Quantum computing and communication, with their potential to break conventional encryption and redefine data security, present a double-edged sword. Countries that fail to develop their capabilities risk being vulnerable to foreign technologies and surveillance. By investing in indigenous quantum research, India is safeguarding its critical infrastructure while creating opportunities for homegrown technological breakthroughs.
Another noteworthy dimension of the mission is its inclusive and developmental vision. The benefits of quantum technologies are not limited to high-tech industries or elite institutions. When deployed responsibly, they can have far-reaching societal impacts—improving weather predictions, optimizing agriculture, enabling faster drug discovery, detecting diseases earlier, managing traffic and logistics more efficiently, and offering new tools for sustainable energy development. By investing in quantum technologies, the mission lays the foundation for high-impact applications that can improve the quality of life for millions of Indians, especially when aligned with national development priorities.
The NQM also significantly emphasizes human capital development—recognizing that cutting-edge technology requires cutting-edge talent. Creating specialized quantum education programs, training modules, research fellowships, and collaborations with international institutions will help create a robust pipeline of quantum-ready professionals. This is vital for the mission’s success and will ensure that India becomes a global talent hub for quantum scientists, engineers, and entrepreneurs. Furthermore, by encouraging diversity, interdisciplinary collaboration, and inclusion, the mission aspires to make quantum science accessible to all segments of Indian society. Equally important is the mission’s focus on collaboration and global partnerships. Quantum science is a field where knowledge is evolving rapidly, and global cooperation is essential to prevent duplication of efforts and foster ethical innovation. By engaging with global leaders in quantum research through joint programs and multilateral platforms, India is gaining access to frontier knowledge and helping shape the emerging norms and standards of the quantum world. These partnerships can accelerate India’s learning curve while positioning it as a responsible and influential stakeholder in global scientific governance.
From a policy and governance standpoint, the establishment of bodies such as the Mission Governing Board (MGB), Mission Technology Research Council (MTRC), and Mission Coordination Cell (MCC) reflects a thoughtful implementation strategy. The mission creates an agile, accountable, and adaptable framework to changing technological scenarios by ensuring that strategic, scientific, and administrative functions are well-coordinated. These structures will ensure that India’s quantum journey is not disrupted by bureaucratic inertia or short-term thinking but rather driven by long-term vision and scientific excellence. In the larger context of India’s aspirations to become a technological and economic superpower, the National Quantum Mission can be seen as a critical enabler. Quantum technologies could power India’s ambitions in Industry 4.0, digital governance, defense modernization, healthcare innovation, and climate resilience. When integrated with AI, 5G, blockchain, and advanced robotics, quantum computing and communication could unleash unprecedented opportunities for innovation and competitiveness. In doing so, the mission becomes a scientific pursuit and an economic and strategic imperative. Ultimately, the National Quantum Mission represents India’s belief in the power of science to shape a better future. It is an acknowledgment that the technologies of tomorrow must be built with the foundations we lay today. The mission’s success will not be measured solely by the number of qubits or quantum devices it produces but by its ability to create a sustainable, inclusive, and sovereign quantum ecosystem that benefits society. It is a long-term investment in India’s capacity to dream, discover, and deliver on the world stage. As we look ahead, the journey of the NQM will demand persistence, collaboration, creativity, and courage. The path will not be easy—quantum science is notoriously complex and full of unknowns. However, India can turn this challenge into an opportunity with the right intent, strategic foresight, and national resolve. The National Quantum Mission is India’s quantum leap into the future—and with the proper execution, it could be one of the defining pillars of India’s technological renaissance in the 21st century.
References
About the Contributor: The article is written by Ms. Gayathri Pramod Research Intern at IMPRI. She is a final year PhD student specialized in West Asia.
Acknowledgment : I extend my sincere gratitude to each and every one who guides me through this process, especially Dr. Arjun Kumar and Aasthaba Jadeja.
Disclaimer: All views expressed in the article belong solely to the author and not necessarily to the organisation.
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